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The Bronchial Response, but not the Pulmonary Response to Inhaled Methacholine Is Dependent on the Aerosol Deposition Pattern: Experimental Days
Methacholine was mixed with 500 MBq “mTc-DTPA and diluted with saline solution to reach the intended concentration of methacholine and a final volume of 3 ml. The relationship between the amount of radioactivity and methacholine was fixed for each individual in the two experiments. The aerosol was inhaled by tidal breathing, which was maintained during […]
The Bronchial Response, but not the Pulmonary Response to Inhaled Methacholine Is Dependent on the Aerosol Deposition Pattern: Material and Methods
Five female and three male subjects (mean age, 34 ±8 years) with proved bronchial hyperresponsiveness to inhaled methacholine participated in the study. The patients had a clinical diagnosis of bronchial asthma, and their baseline value of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEVi) was at least 80 percent of predicted normal value, and the upper […]
The Bronchial Response, but not the Pulmonary Response to Inhaled Methacholine Is Dependent on the Aerosol Deposition Pattern
Asthma is characterized by increased bronchial responsiveness to a variety of pharmacologic and immunologic stimuli of the bronchial mucosa. Bronchial responsiveness to inhaled parasympathomimetic agents, eg, methacholine, is used in clinical settings to estimate the intensity of the asthmatic process. Stimulation of muscarinic receptors on airway smooth muscle cells and submucosal glands induces airway muscle […]
Comparison of Cardiac Pacing Modes in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease – Discussion
Dyspnea with exertion is a commonly recognized complaint in patients with lung disease. An increasing perception of shortness of breath with exercise is consistent with severe lung disease and frequently results in a fear of exertion that not only limits any activity requiring exertion, but daily living activities as well. The limitation of physical activities […]
Comparison of Cardiac Pacing Modes in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease – Results
All patients with COPD had sinus node dysfunction, including four with chronotropic incompetence. All had AV nodal disease, three 3° AV block, four 1° AV block, and one 2° AV block. Three of these patients had documented retrograde conduction and a history of pacemaker syndrome in the WI mode. However, only one of these patients […]
Comparison of Cardiac Pacing Modes in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease – Methods
Spirometry was used to evaluate baseline lung function for each patient. This was performed prior to exercise, with the patient standing. Patients were required to perform three reproducible forced expiratory and inspiratory maneuvers. All patients were then evaluated with paired exercise testing using the Chronotropic Assessment Exercise Protocol Pulmonary gas exchange, exercise duration, heart rate, […]
Comparison of Cardiac Pacing Modes in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease – Patient Population
Limitations in exercise tolerance are a common manifestation of patients with chronic lung disease. Compromised pulmonary mechanics limit the ability of the lungs to respond to increasing oxygen demands. This leaves these patients dependent on other mechanisms to deliver available oxygen to the tissues to support the metabolic demands of exercise. Optimizing cardiac output is, […]