Reconcilable Differences: Results
The proportional odds assumption was tested for each model using a Score test. If the hypothesis of proportional odds was rejected (p 4 canisters, or 12 canisters) are reported for each association.
The distribution and univariate analyses of factors postulated a priori to be associated with SA P-agonist use are summarized in Table 1. The sample was comprised of 50% more women than men, and age was normally distributed across the entire range (median, 39.0 years; range, 19 to 50 years).
The sample was representative of all levels of asthma medication use and SES, and all participants reported having received at least some SA P-agonist in the previous year. Twenty-nine patients either did not know or preferred not to provide their annual household income and were therefore excluded from the analysis of income at the proximate level. Thirty-eight patients (23%) reported incomes > $70,000, 18 of which were > $100,000. One hundred twenty patients (59%) and 31 patients (15%) completed at least 1 year and 5 years of postsecondary education, respectively. The sample was also very contextually heterogeneous, with participants residing in neighborhoods with unemployment rates varying from 3 to 33%, and the prevalence of having received a bachelor’s degree ranging from 3 to 53%.
Table 1—Univariate Analysis of the Association Between Demographic and SES Factors and the Use of Greater Amounts of SA fi-Agonist (n = 202)
Factors |
Data |
OR (95% CI) |
Adjusted R2 |
Demographics |
|||
Agef# |
38.2 (8.5) |
1.02 (0.99-1.06) |
0.02 |
Gender |
|||
Female |
121 (60) |
1.0 |
< 0.01 |
Male{ |
81 (40) |
1.3 (0.8-2.2) |
|
Drug utilization |
|||
Daily ICS use§ |
|||
No |
92 (45) |
1.0 |
0.13 |
Yes |
110 (55) |
4.0 (2.3-6.9) |
|
No. of ICS canisters used in |
|||
previous year |
|||
None |
34 (17) |
1.0 |
0.17 |
< 4 |
94 (47) |
0.87 (0.4-1.8) |
|
5-12 |
58 (29) |
3.2 (1.5-7.3) |
|
> 12 |
16 (8) |
11.5 (3.4-39.8) |
|
Used oral steroid in last year |
|||
No |
147 (73) |
1.0 |
0.05 |
Yes |
55 (27) |
2.4 (1.3-4.2) |
|
Proximate SES factors |
|||
Highest education attained |
|||
No diploma |
29 (14) |
1.0 |
0.08 |
High school/trade diploma |
131(65) |
0.78 (0.37-1.6) |
|
University diploma |
42 (21) |
0.24 (0.1-0.59) |
|
Years of postsecondary education# |
2.1 (2.3) |
0.76 (0.66-0.86) |
0.11 |
Receiving social assistance |
|||
No |
135 (66) |
1.0 |
0.07 |
Yes |
67 (33) |
2.8 (1.6-4.8) |
|
Annual household income |
|||
(n = 173), $ |
|||
< 20,000 |
68 (40) |
1.0 |
0.11 |
20,000-50,000 |
49 (28) |
0.34 (0.17-0.68) |
|
> 50,000 |
56 (32) |
0.27 (0.14-0.53) |
|
Contextual SES factors |
|||
Median neighborhood income| # |
$19,959 (444) |
0.92 (0.86-0.97) |
0.05 |
Unemployment rate# |
10.0 (4.7) |
1.1 (1.04-1.2) |
0.07 |
Bachelor’s education# |
18.4(11.0) |
0.95 (0.92-0.98) |
0.08 |
Genotype^ |
|||
GLY/GLY at position 16 |
|||
No |
130 (79) |
1.0 |
< 0.01 |
Yes |
34 (21) |
1.2 (0.58-2.3) |
|
GLA/GLA at position 27 |
|||
No |
104 (63) |
1.0 |
|
Yes |
60 (37) |
1.03 (0.57-1.8) |
< 0.01 |